Hi John,

You are right, it’s definitely a ‘fuge it until it looks about right’ model. But that is how science like this moves forward.

As for Dark Energy, Dark Matter, the Doppler Effect and redshifting, I think you may have a few theories muddled up.

I suggest you read into how we calculate the redshift of stars first. Because redshifting isn’t just the doppler effect on light, it is also spacetime expanding in between the waves of light.